Publication Type. More Filters. Journal of Global History. Abstract This article offers new historical analysis of global heritage by tracking the evolution of heritage concepts. The Rise of Heritage. Abstract The paper discusses the rise to academic significance of Heritage Studies, and suggests four emerging entry points for the analysis of heritage problems, these being the fields of heritage, … Expand.
Highly Influenced. View 3 excerpts, cites background. Understanding the politics of heritage. This is one of three books in a series entitled Understanding global heritage published jointly by the Manchester University Press and the Open University. It explores the political role of heritage … Expand. View 2 excerpts, cites background. The unnatural history of heritage: what's the future for the past? Heritage sites abound and the types of sites have expanded in the past 50 years.
For postcolonial societies, the power of archaeology lies in the narrative … Expand. Abstract How can revealing the past at historic sites benefit our society?
This question has been discussed recurrently over the years within heritage studies and heritage practices; the suggested … Expand. An Introduction to Heritage in Action. Cultural heritage is a process, a discourse, a political reality, an economic opportunity, and a social arena as well as sites, objects, and performances. View 8 excerpts, cites background. Cultural heritage management: power, values and identity.
From predominantly cultural and tangible, heritage is now also recognised as natural, mixed and intangible Smith ; … Expand. Linking Heritage, Culture and Development. The thesis departs from the statement that heritage is an issue of interest and concern throughout much of the world and that culture, of which heritage is a domain, has come to be increasingly … Expand. View 1 excerpt, references background. Heritage as postprocessual archaeology? Uses of heritage.
London: Routledge. Empty gestures? Heritage and the politics of recognition, in H. Fairchild ed. Cultural heritage and human rights : New York: Springer. Ethics or social justice?
Heritage and the politics of recognition. Australian Aboriginal Studies Heritage , labour and the working class. Akagawa ed. Intangible heritage : Heritage , c ommunities and archaeology.
London: Duckworth. Heritage and the politics of exclusion. Current Swedish Archaeology Soli, B. Some reflection on heritage and archaeology in the Anthropocene. Norwegian Archaeological Review Warren-Findley, J. Public History Review Waterton, E. Politics , policy and the discourses of heritage in Britain. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. West, S. Understanding heritage in practice. Laurajane Smith 1 Email author 1.
For example, like Patrick Wright he sees the National Trust as one gigantic system of outdoor relief for the old upper classes to maintain their stately homes. But this is to ignore the widespread support for such conservation. Indeed Samuel points out that the National Trust with nearly 1. Urry, , p. Over 8 million visited the exhibition in the USA. A follow-up touring exhibition called Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs ran during the period —8. Interestingly, instead of being shown in London at the British Museum, this exhibition was displayed in a commercial entertainment space, the O2 Dome in south-east London, which contains concert venues and cinemas see Figures 1.
The brightly lit interior of the Tutankhamun Exhibition shop. The sales counter is on the left, while visitors examine displays on the right. Replicas of objects are displayed in glass cases beside the sales point. Less costly items are to the right and against the wall, some for example an umbrella only marginally related to the Golden Age of the Pharaohs.
Photographed by Rodney Harrison. Items for sale are lit and displayed in the same way as the artefacts from the exhibition. The gift shop is strategically placed at the exit so that people must walk through it to leave the exhibition.
Such gift shops have become a ubiquitous part of the experience of heritage for the museum-going public. The shop exit occupies the lower third of the image. A glimpse of the structure of the Dome is visible to the right. Note that the exhibition poster has been made to resemble a movie poster. Ironically, it was to this same commercialisation of heritage and the past that archaeologist Kevin Walsh turned in support of the ideas put forward by Hewison in The Heritage Industry.
Loss of a sense of place creates a need to develop and consume heritage products that bridge what people perceive to be an ever increasing gap between past and present.
Lowenthal suggested that paradoxically the more people attempt to know the past, the further they distance themselves from it as they replace the reality of the past with an idealised version that looks more like their own reality. Under such a model of heritage, heritage objects, places and practices are attributed particular values by the professionals who are involved in assessing and managing heritage, such as architects, archaeologists, anthropologists, engineers and historians.
We might think of such a model of heritage as taxonomic: it assumes that there is a pre-existing ordered hierarchy of heritage objects, places and practices in the world. This idea is closely linked to the idea of an artistic or literary canon as previously discussed. Most practitioners would now recognise that heritage value is not intrinsic; value is something that is attributed to an object, place or practice by particular people at a particular time for particular reasons.
Smith is challenging a process that attaches permanent legal conditions to certain places or things. Her argument is essentially that heritage is culturally ascribed, rather than intrinsic to things. Throughout the second part of the twentieth century the increased recognition of cultural diversity and the contribution of multiculturalism to western societies created a conundrum.
See, for example, Anderson, This challenge, coupled with a recognition that heritage values could not be seen as intrinsic, led to the development of the concept of representativeness, and a shift away from the idea of a single canon of heritage. A representative heritage place or object derives its values from the extent to which it can act as an exemplar of a class of place or type of object. However, it needs to be understood that this was not a total shift in ideals, and that both of these ways of understanding heritage are still taxonomic in nature and still involve the production of lists of heritage.
A more fundamental challenge, which will be taken up in subsequent chapters of this book, is that of non-western cultures which emphasise the intangible aspects of heritage. This has led to a model of managing and assessing values, rather than lists of heritage items. Heritage and control: the authorised heritage discourse Anything that an authority such as the state designates as worthy of conservation subsequently enters the political arena.
We will be returning to the concept of the AHD throughout this book. The AHD is integrally bound up in the creation of lists that represent the canon of heritage.
It is a set of ideas that works to normalise a range of assumptions about the nature and meaning of heritage and to privilege particular practices, especially those of heritage professionals and the state. Conversely, the AHD can also be seen to exclude a whole range of popular ideas and practices relating to heritage. This part of the chapter looks in detail at the concept of the AHD as developed by Smith to illustrate how this particular set of ideas about heritage is made manifest: the ways in which heritage conservation operates at a local or regional level through the documents, protocols, laws and charters that govern the way heritage is assessed, nominated and protected.
We can see how these discourses of heritage are made concrete in heritage practice by looking at the International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites known as the Venice Charter.
The Venice Charter, adopted by the Second International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, meeting in Venice in , was a series of international principles to guide the preservation and restoration of ancient buildings. At the centre of the Venice Charter lie the concept of authenticity and an understanding of the importance of maintaining the historical and physical context of a site or building.
The Charter states that monuments are to be conserved not only for their aesthetic values as works of art but also as historical evidence. In its emphasis on aesthetic values and works of art, it makes implicit reference to the idea of heritage as monumental and grand, as well as to the idea of a canon of heritage. The Charter begins with these words: Imbued with a message from the past, the historic monuments of generations of people remain to the present day as living witnesses of their age-old traditions.
People are becoming more and more conscious of the unity of human values and regard ancient monuments as a common heritage.
The common responsibility to safeguard them for future generations is recognized. It is our duty to hand them on in the full richness of their authenticity. This quote reveals a very important aspect of the AHD involving the abstraction of meaning of objects, places and practices of heritage that come to be seen as representative of something aesthetic or historic in a rather generalised way.
The AHD removes heritage objects, places and practices from their historical context and encourages people to view them as symbols — of the national character, of a particular period in history, or of a particular building type. In doing so, they are stripped of their particular meanings and given a series of newly created associations. The Charter establishes the inherent values of heritage, and the relationship between the value of heritage and its fabric through its emphasis on authenticity.
A monument is inseparable from the history to which it bears witness and from the setting in which it occurs. The conservation and restoration of monuments must have recourse to all the sciences and techniques which can contribute to the study and safeguarding of the architectural heritage. The process of restoration is a highly specialized operation. Its aim is to preserve and reveal the aesthetic and historic value of the monument and is based on respect for original material and authentic documents.
It must stop at the point where conjecture begins, and in this case moreover any extra work which is indispensable must be distinct from the architectural composition and must bear a contemporary stamp. The restoration in any case must be preceded and followed by an archaeological and historical study of the monument. The next part of the chapter shows how these abstract concepts are made operational in heritage management in North America through the case study of the Harry S.
Truman National Historic Site in Missouri. Case study: Harry S. It was the house in which the thirty-third US president Harry S. Truman lived during the period from his marriage to Bess Wallace on 28 June until his death on 26 December Yet the park includes physical evidence of a period lasting from through The entrance is under the front veranda up a flight of four broad steps.
The house is surrounded by lawns and shrubs, with a lamp-post in the left foreground. Truman Home, N. Delaware Street, Independence, Missouri. Frazier Photolibrary, Inc. A large, comfortable sitting room with projecting bay windows at the far end, furnished with armchairs, a settee, smaller chairs, occasional tables and a patterned rug. A long-case clock stands in the corner of the room.
The furniture is traditional in style with some antique pieces. Lighting is by wall-mounted lights and table lamps. Photographed by Jack E. Boucher, Historic American Buildings Survey. Mrs Young is seated in a rocking chair on the grass below the veranda, with her daughter standing on her right and Harry Truman behind her and to her left. As you will see from the photographs in Figures 1. So there is a rather subtle interplay between the tangible and intangible aspects of heritage that are displayed in the text.
Truman Historic Site. These include an archaeological overview and assessment, cultural landscape reports, historic resources studies, long-term interpretive plan, and wildlife and vegetation surveys. These reports would be prepared, in this order, by an archaeologist, a cultural geographer or landscape architect, a historian, an interpretation specialist, and a zoologist and botanist. In this way, the general management plan excludes the views of the general public. Again, it is possible to see here the exclusion of the general public and the emphasis on heritage as the realm of professionals that Smith suggests are features of the AHD.
Although the property was actually listed under the Historic Sites Act , the NHPA is the legislative tool that governs the National Register of Historic Places on which the building sits alongside over 76, other heritage places or objects. The criteria for entry on to the National Register are standards against which places nominated for inclusion on the register are assessed.
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